Panic attacks: symptoms, causes and treatment
Struggling with panic attacks? Our expert-led treatment can help you regain control and improve your quality of life.
Panic attacks are sudden episodes of intense fear or anxiety, often accompanied by overwhelming physical symptoms. They can come on quickly, sometimes without warning, and leave you feeling out of control, frightened, or even as though you are having a heart attack.
While panic attacks can be distressing, effective treatment and support are available to help you regain control and improve your quality of life.
At Priory, we understand how frightening panic attacks can feel. With expert-led treatment and a compassionate approach, we can support you in managing your symptoms and building confidence in your daily life.
What are panic attacks?
A panic attack is a sudden surge of fear that triggers severe physical and emotional reactions, even when there is no immediate danger.
Many people may experience one or two panic attacks in their lifetime, often during times of stress. If you have recurrent and unexpected panic attacks, and live in constant fear of another episode, you might have panic disorder, which is a type of anxiety disorder.
Symptoms of a panic attack
Panic attack symptoms usually begin suddenly and peak within minutes. They can be overwhelming and exhausting, but they are not dangerous.
Symptoms can vary, but common experiences include:
Physical symptoms
- Racing or pounding heart
- Shortness of breath or tightness in the chest
- Dizziness or feeling faint
- Excessive sweating, trembling or shaking
- Nausea, abdominal discomfort or hot flashes
- Tingling or numbness in the hands or feet
Psychological symptoms
- Fear of dying or losing control
- Sense of detachment or feeling unreal
- Intense feelings of dread or impending doom
Behavioural and social symptoms
- Avoiding places or situations where attacks have occurred
- Withdrawing from social activities
- Difficulty concentrating due to ongoing worry
Many people also feel extremely tired after a panic attack, as the body recovers from the sudden rush of adrenaline.
When to seek help
It can sometimes be difficult to know whether your symptoms are caused by panic attacks or another health condition. Panic attack symptoms can feel similar to those of serious medical problems such as a heart attack, so it is always important to seek medical help if you are unsure.
You should also consider professional support if:
- Your attacks are becoming frequent or more severe
- You are avoiding certain places or activities out of fear of an attack
- Panic attacks are interfering with your work, studies, or relationships
Reaching out for help can feel daunting, but it is an important step towards regaining control.
Causes and risk factors
The exact cause of panic attacks isn’t fully understood, but a number of factors may contribute, including:
Genetics – having a close family member with panic attacks or panic disorder can increase the risk of developing panic disorder
Psychological factors – such as chronic stress, low self-esteem, or existing mental health conditions including anxiety, depression, PTSD, or OCD
Environmental triggers – major life changes, bereavement, relationship breakdown, or traumatic events
Pharmacological factors – side effects of medication, withdrawal from drugs or alcohol, or excessive caffeine intake
Risk factors such as childhood trauma, ongoing stress, or personality traits that make you more sensitive to stress may also increase your likelihood of experiencing panic attacks.
Possible complications if left untreated
If panic attacks are not managed, they can develop into panic disorder or contribute to other difficulties, such as:
- Developing specific phobias (such as fear of driving or leaving the home)
- Avoidance of social situations or isolation
- Increased risk of depression or other anxiety disorders
- Substance misuse as a way of coping
- Difficulties at work, school, or in relationships
Recognising the signs early and accessing treatment can reduce these risks and help you maintain a better quality of life.
What to do during a panic attack
When a panic attack begins, the symptoms can feel overwhelming. The following strategies may help you cope in the moment:
- Take a moment to be still and focus on slow, steady breathing
- Use grounding techniques like exposing yourself to cold water or repeating calming mantras
- Distract yourself by focusing on something outside of your thoughts
- Remind yourself that the attack will pass and that the symptoms are not dangerous
You can try these yourself in the moment, but during treatment for panic attacks, you’ll focus on developing personalised strategies that work best for you.
How are panic attacks treated?
Panic attacks can be managed effectively with the right treatment plan. This may include therapy, medication, lifestyle strategies, or a combination of these approaches.
Therapy
- Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) is the most common and effective form of therapy for panic attacks. It helps you understand the thought patterns and behaviours that may be maintaining your attacks, and gives you practical tools to challenge them.
- Other talking therapies may also be recommended, depending on your needs.
Medication
- SSRIs (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors) are typically the first-line treatment.
- SNRIs or other antidepressants may also be prescribed.
- In some cases, benzodiazepines may be used short-term to manage anxiety or sleeping difficulties.
Self-help and lifestyle strategies
- Practising relaxation techniques and mindfulness
- Breathing exercises to help regulate symptoms during an attack
- Reducing caffeine and alcohol intake
- Regular exercise and healthy sleep routines
- Exploring self-care resources, such as those available in Priory’s self-care hub
Panic attack treatment at Priory
At Priory, we provide tailored private treatment for panic attacks and panic disorder, guided by expert psychiatrists and therapists.
Depending on your needs, we offer care on an outpatient, day care, or inpatient (residential) basis.
Our treatment plans combine evidence-based therapies, medication management if needed, and holistic support to help you feel more confident and in control. With our compassionate approach, we aim to give you the tools you need to manage your panic attacks and improve your quality of life.
Support for families and carers
If someone you love is struggling with panic attacks, your support can make a real difference. Listening without judgement, offering reassurance, and encouraging them to seek professional help can all help them feel less alone.
Taking the next step
Panic attacks can be overwhelming, but they don’t have to define your life. With the right treatment and support, many people are able to reduce their symptoms and regain a sense of control.
If you or someone you know is struggling, contact Priory today to find out more about our specialist treatment options.
