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Clinical depression: symptoms, causes and treatment

Clinical depression can make daily life feel impossible, but recognising the symptoms is the first step toward recovery.

Take control of your mental health with Priory's expert-led treatments for clinical depression, designed to help you regain your sense of self and wellbeing.

Page last updated:
Written by: Rachael Heades
Senior mental health & addictions writer
Clinically reviewed by: Dr Donna Grant
Consultant Psychiatrist at Priory Hospital Chelmsford

Clinical depression can make everyday life feel exhausting and overwhelming. When low mood becomes persistent and even small tasks start to feel unmanageable, it may be a sign that you’re experiencing more than temporary sadness. Understanding the signs of clinical depression can help you recognise when it’s time to seek professional support.

At Priory, we offer specialist treatment for clinical depression, tailored to your needs and delivered by experienced mental health professionals across the UK.

What is clinical depression?

Clinical depression is the most severe form of depression. It’s also known as major depressive disorder, unipolar depression or chronic depression. Unlike short-term low mood, clinical depression involves persistent and intense symptoms that affect how you think, feel and function over time.

People living with clinical depression may find it difficult to manage daily responsibilities such as personal care, work, relationships or household tasks. Many also experience distressing thoughts about self-harm or suicide. For this reason, clinical depression is a serious mental health condition that requires professional treatment.

The good news is that clinical depression is highly treatable. With the right combination of therapy, medication and ongoing support, many people experience significant improvement in their symptoms and quality of life.

Symptoms of clinical depression

Depression symptoms can look similar across different types of depression, but with clinical depression they are usually more intense and more disruptive to everyday functioning.

Symptoms and causes of clinical depression

You may experience a combination of the following symptoms:

  • Difficulty concentrating or focusing
  • Problems with decision-making
  • Slowed thinking
  • Negative or intrusive thoughts
  • Thoughts about death or suicide
  • Sleep problems, including insomnia or oversleeping
  • Constant fatigue or lack of energy
  • Changes in appetite or weight
  • Ongoing physical symptoms such as headaches, digestive issues or unexplained aches
  • Persistent low mood or deep sadness
  • Feelings of emptiness, hopelessness or despair
  • Tearfulness or crying more easily than usual
  • Anger, irritability or frustration
  • Low self-esteem or feelings of worthlessness
  • Excessive guilt or shame
  • Fixating on past mistakes or perceived failures
  • Loss of interest in activities you previously enjoyed

What causes clinical depression?

Clinical depression does not have a single cause. It usually develops through a combination of biological, psychological and environmental factors.

Biological factors

  • Family history of depression or other mental health conditions
  • Imbalances in brain chemicals such as serotonin or noradrenaline
  • Hormonal changes
  • Chronic physical illness or long-term pain

Psychological factors

  • Low self-esteem or a tendency towards self-criticism
  • Perfectionist traits
  • Early life experiences such as trauma, neglect or unstable relationships

Environmental and situational factors

  • Bereavement, relationship breakdown or traumatic events
  • Major life changes such as redundancy, serious illness or becoming a parent
  • Ongoing stress at work or home
  • Loneliness or lack of social support

Some people experience a single severe episode of clinical depression, while others experience recurrent episodes over time.

How clinical depression is diagnosed

Receiving a clear diagnosis can be an important step towards getting the right support. A mental health professional such as a GP or psychiatrist will assess your symptoms, how long they’ve been present and how they’re affecting your life.

This assessment may include questions about:

  • Changes in mood, thoughts and behaviour
  • Sleep patterns, appetite and energy levels
  • Personal history, including trauma or significant life events
  • Family history of mental health conditions
  • Physical health factors that may be contributing

Diagnosis is typically based on recognised clinical criteria. To diagnose clinical depression, symptoms must usually be present for at least two weeks, with persistent low mood or loss of interest forming part of the picture.

You may also find it helpful to complete a free, confidential depression self-assessment to explore your symptoms and next steps.

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Treatment for clinical depression

Clinical depression is treatable, and most people benefit from a tailored combination of therapies, medication and supportive strategies.

At Priory, treatment plans are shaped around your individual needs, preferences and clinical presentation.

Psychological therapies

Therapy can help you understand the factors contributing to depression, develop healthier thought patterns and build coping skills.

Common approaches include:

  • Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT), which helps challenge unhelpful thinking patterns
  • Dialectical behaviour therapy (DBT), which supports emotional regulation
  • Interpersonal therapy (IPT), which focuses on relationships and communication
  • Cognitive analytic therapy (CAT), which explores patterns linked to past experiences
  • Mindfulness-based therapies, which reduce rumination
  • Compassion-focused therapy (CFT), particularly helpful for people with strong self-criticism

Other evidence-based therapies may also be recommended depending on your needs.

Medication for clinical depression

Antidepressant medication can be helpful for moderate to severe depression, particularly when used alongside therapy. Options may include:

  • SSRIs
  • SNRIs
  • TCAs
  • MAOIs

Your psychiatrist will work with you to find the most appropriate option and monitor its effectiveness.

Neuromodulation treatments

For people who haven’t responded to other treatments, neuromodulation therapies may be considered. At Priory, this includes repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS), offered at selected centres.

Inpatient, day care and outpatient support

Treatment can be delivered in different settings depending on how much support you need:

  • Inpatient treatment provides 24-hour care in a safe, structured environment
  • Day care allows you to attend therapy while living at home
  • Outpatient treatment offers regular therapy sessions around your routine
  • Online therapy provides flexible access to professional support from home

Your clinician will help you decide which option is most appropriate.

Lifestyle strategies that support treatment

Lifestyle changes are not a replacement for treatment, but they can support wellbeing alongside professional care.

This may include:

  • Gentle physical activity
  • Balanced nutrition
  • Improving sleep routines
  • Relaxation or mindfulness practices
  • Staying connected with others
  • Establishing a manageable daily structure

Getting help for clinical depression

Reaching out for help can feel daunting, but support is available. Clinical depression is treatable, and many people experience meaningful improvement with the right care.

At Priory, we provide fast access to specialist depression treatment across the UK, including inpatient, day care, outpatient and online options. You can contact us directly or arrange a mental health assessment to explore your treatment options.

If you’re experiencing thoughts of self-harm or suicide, seek urgent help through emergency services or a 24-hour helpline such as Samaritans on 116 123.

You do not have to manage clinical depression alone. With compassionate, professional support, it’s possible to move towards greater stability and wellbeing.

Contact us to make an enquiry or for more information

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