Mental health medication
Common medication used to help treat mental health disorders, and what you can expect from each
Mental health medication is prescribed to manage mental health conditions such as depression, anxiety, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).
This guide explains the main types of medication, how they work and what to expect when taking them. It can be useful to be informed, particularly when you’re discussing options with your GP and making the right decision for you.
While medication can help manage symptoms and support recovery, it’s usually taken as part of a broader mental health treatment plan that may include therapy, social interventions and lifestyle changes.
Mental health medications work differently depending on the condition and the person, which is why they’re prescribed and monitored by qualified professionals. Everyone’s experience with medication will be different, meaning that it may take time to find the right option for you.
Common types of mental health medication
Different medications are prescribed for different mental health conditions and each works in its own way to help manage mental health symptoms. Only qualified clinicians can prescribe these treatments.
The examples below are among the most commonly used in the UK.
Antidepressants
- Used for: Depression, anxiety disorders and obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD)
- How they work: Antidepressants help balance chemicals in the brain, such as serotonin and norepinephrine, which influence mood and emotion
- Common examples: Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) like fluoxetine and sertraline, or serotonin and noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) like duloxetine and venlafaxine
- Key considerations: These medicines can take a few weeks to work. They aren’t addictive but some people may experience temporary side effects such as nausea, sleep changes or headaches
Antipsychotics
- Used for: Schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and other conditions that involve psychosis (such as hallucinations or delusions)
- How they work: Antipsychotics help regulate dopamine and other brain chemicals to reduce distressing symptoms and stabilise mood
- Common examples: Risperidone, aripiprazole, olanzapine
- Key considerations: Side effects can include drowsiness, weight changes or restlessness. Regular reviews help ensure the right type and dose for each individual
Mood stabilisers
- Used for: Bipolar affective disorder and severe mood swings
- How they work: These medications help even out high and low mood changes over time
- Common examples: Lithium, lamotrigine, carbamazepine
- Key considerations: Regular blood tests are often needed to monitor levels and prevent side effects. These medicines are typically used long-term
ADHD medication
- Used for: ADHD in children, teenagers and adults
- How they work: Stimulant medications increase certain brain chemicals that support focus and impulse control. Non-stimulant options work more gradually to balance attention and mood
- Common examples: Methylphenidate (stimulant) and atomoxetine (non-stimulant)
- Key considerations: Some people may notice appetite changes, sleep issues or mild anxiety. Regular monitoring helps manage these effects
Anti-anxiety medication or sleeping pills
- Used for: Short-term relief of severe anxiety or insomnia
- How they work: These medications calm brain activity to reduce tension and aid sleep
- Common examples: Diazepam and other benzodiazepines or ‘Z-drugs’ like zopiclone
- Key considerations: These are usually prescribed for short periods only as long-term use can lead to dependence or tolerance
How doctors decide which medication to prescribe
Medication decisions are highly individual and the right choice depends on each person’s unique circumstances.
Doctors consider a range of factors, including:
- Your specific diagnosis and symptoms
- Your medical history and any other medication you take
- Possible side effects or drug interactions
- Whether you’ve tried medication before and how it worked
- Your personal preferences and lifestyle (for example, your daily routine, if you drive or if you’re pregnant)
These decisions are made collaboratively between you and your doctor. You can and should ask questions, share concerns and discuss what matters most to you.
Only qualified professionals such as GPs or psychiatrists can safely prescribe or adjust mental health medication. Their goal is to find an approach that supports your health while keeping you informed and involved in every step of your care.
What to expect when taking medication
The first thing to expect when taking mental health medication is that it often takes time to work and its effectiveness can vary from person to person.
Some medications, such as antidepressants or mood stabilisers, may take several weeks before you feel the full benefits. You may notice that side effects arise early on but these typically improve as your body adjusts. Adjustments to the dosage or type of medication may be needed; this is completely normal and part of finding the right fit for you.
Stopping your medication suddenly can cause withdrawal symptoms or you may find that your original symptoms return. Any changes to your prescription should always be made under medical supervision.
Rather than stopping medication abruptly, speak to your doctor if you’re worried about side effects, how much progress you’re making or if you have any other concerns.
Tips for managing medication
Taking mental health medication consistently and safely can make a real difference to how well it works. Building simple routines can help you stay on track and feel more in control of your treatment.
Here are some practical tips for managing your medication:
- Take your medication at the same time each day. Following a regular routine helps your body adjust and reduces the chance of missed doses
- A pill organiser or phone alarm can be a helpful way to keep track of what you’ve taken and when
- Store medication safely. Keep it in a visible but secure place, away from children, pets and direct sunlight or moisture
- Some medicines need to be kept at room temperature or away from heat. Check the label and follow storage instructions
- Keep a record of your medication, including what you’re taking, any dose changes and how you’re feeling over time. This can be useful when speaking to your doctor or pharmacist
- Bring your medication list to appointments. Having this information readily available in conversations with your GP or pharmacist means that they can quickly check for interactions
- Never share medication or change doses on your own. Always speak with your doctor or pharmacist before making any changes to your medication
Questions to ask your doctor
Open communication with your doctor or psychiatrist can help you feel more confident and informed about your treatment. It’s completely normal - and encouraged - to ask questions or share any worries you might have about your medication.
Here are some useful questions you may wish to ask during appointments:
- How long will it take for the medication to work?
- What side effects should I expect and what should I do if I notice them?
- How will I know if the medication is helping?
- What should I do if I miss a dose?
- How long will I need to take it for?
- Can I take this with other medications, alcohol or while driving?
- Can I combine this with therapy or lifestyle changes?
When and how to change or stop medication
Any changes to mental health medication should always be made under medical supervision.
There are many reasons why your treatment might need to change. For example, if you experience ongoing side effects, notice limited improvement or go through life changes such as pregnancy or a new health condition.
When adjustments are needed, your doctor will guide you through a safe plan. This may involve:
- Gradually adjusting the dose to minimise side effects or withdrawal symptoms
- Avoiding sudden stops as this can cause discomfort or a return of symptoms
- Using a tapering approach. This means the dose is reduced slowly so your body can readjust gradually
- Regular reviews with your GP or psychiatrist to monitor progress and support you through any changes
Getting further support
If you need extra support while managing these changes, professional help is always available.
If you have any questions or concerns about your treatment, speak to your GP, psychiatrist or pharmacist. Together with you, they are best placed to review your medication, discuss options and make any necessary adjustments safely.
